用于开口声辐射控制的虚拟声屏障实现 方法及机理研究*

建筑物通常留有开口以便人员物料的进出及室内的自然通风采光,但这些开口也是噪声传播的途径。传统被动噪声控制方法需要将开口封闭,且对低频噪声的控制效果不好,故引入有源噪声控制技术降低室内声源通过开口的声辐射。基于惠更斯原理,均布开口的次级源和误差传声器构成的平面型虚拟声屏障可以实现对开口声辐射的有效控制,数值仿真和实验已证明其有效性。将次级源安装在开口边界更有利于保留开口的功能且方便实际安装,但这样的单层边界虚拟声屏障降噪效果存在上限,仅能在低频段实现全局控制。和单层边界次级源相比,双层边界次级源可显著提高降噪量和有效降噪频率上限。该文回顾了开口声辐射有源控制的相关工作,并讨论了未来可能的研究方向。     

燃料电池有轨电车声学优化*

基于线路噪声实验,系统测试分析了燃料电池有轨电车的噪声特性,研究了噪声分布以及空气传声、结构传声路径对噪声的贡献。结果表明改善车辆地板、空调、顶板和风挡的隔声性能,尤其是在500～1250 Hz的1/3倍频带范围内的隔声性能将有助于改善车辆内部声学环境。优化燃料电池系统控制,降低冷却单元转速将有助于改善车辆外部声学环境。在此基础上提出减震降噪建议措施,再次进行线路噪声实验,结果表明该措施有效。     

基于证据推理与最优指派策略的多属性单边匹配决策

针对匹配中某一方偏好失效的问题,提出一种基于证据推理和最优指派策略的单边匹配方法。一方主体采用多种数据类型描述由对方指定的多个属性信息;另一方给出关于各属性的权重信息;然后,使用证据推理组合规则递推合成多属性及权重信息,以此计算双方的匹配度。在此基础上,运用最优指派策略,建立匹配模型并求解得到匹配结果.实例表明该方法的可行性和有效性。     

网络结构、采纳者偏好与创新扩散:基于采纳者决策过程的创新扩散系统动力学模型仿真分析

在对采纳者决策过程分析的基础上,将网络结构和采纳者偏好作为核心参数,构建基于采纳者决策过程的创新扩散系统动力学模型。对模型进行仿真发现,在采纳者趋同化偏好条件下,网络平均度、网络重连概率与采纳者偏好强度的变动趋势与创新扩散效率的变动趋势相同,而在采纳者差异化偏好条件下则与创新扩散效率变动趋势相反。网络平均路径长度对创新扩散的影响方向与采纳者偏好特征无关,提高网络平均路径长度会始终降低创新扩散的效率。采纳者的趋同化偏好能够放大创新扩散对网络结构变量与采纳者偏好强度变量的敏感程度,采纳者差异化偏好则会缩小创新扩散对网络结构变量与采纳者偏好强度变量的敏感程度。研究结果对于制定创新推广策略具有一定的指导意义。     

High-pressure structure and elastic properties of tantalum single crystal:First principles investigation

Since knowledge of the structure and elastic properties of Ta at high pressures is critical for addressing the recent controversies regarding the high-pressure stable phase and elastic properties, we perform a systematical study on the highpressure structure and elastic properties of the cubic Ta by using the first-principles method. Results show that the initial body-centered cubic phase of Ta remains stable even up to 500 GPa and the high-pressure elastic properties are excellently consistent with the available experimental results. Besides, the high-pressure sound velocities of the single- and polycrystals Ta are also calculated based on the elastic constants, and the predications exhibit good agreement with the existing experimental data.     

A review of research progress in air-to-water sound transmission

International and domestic research progress in theory and experiment and applications of the air-to-water sound transmission are presented in this paper. Four classical numerical methods of calculating the underwater sound field generated by an airborne source, i.e., the ray theory, the wave solution, the normal-mode theory and the wavenumber integration approach, are introduced. Effects of two special conditions, i.e., the moving airborne source or medium and the rough air-water interface, on the air-to-water sound transmission are reviewed. In experimental studies, the depth and range distributions of the underwater sound field created by different kinds of airborne sources in near-field and far-field, the longitudinal horizontal correlation of underwater sound field and application methods for inverse problems are reviewed.     

Improved sound absorption performance of three-dimensional MPP space sound absorbers by filling with porous materials

Because microperforated panels (MPPs), which can be made from various materials, provide wide-band sound absorption, they are recognized as one of the next-generation absorption materials. Although MPPs are typically placed in front of rigid walls, MPP space sound absorbers without a backing structure, including three-dimensional cylindrical MPP space absorbers (CMSAs) and rectangular MPP space absorbers (RMSAs), are proposed to extend their design flexibility and easy-to-use properties. On the other hand, improving the absorption performance by filling the back cavity of typical MPP absorbers with porous materials has been shown theoretically, and three-dimensional MPP space absorbers should display similar improvements. Herein the effects of porous materials inserted into the cavities of CMSAs and RMSAs are experimentally investigated and a numerical prediction method using the two-dimensional boundary element method is proposed. Consequently, CMSAs and RMSAs with improved absorption performances are illustrated based on the experimental results, and the applicability of the proposed prediction method as a design tool is confirmed by comparing the experimental and numerical results.     

基于手机APP实现驻波法对声速的测量

介绍了一种利用普通智能手机和一根两端开口奶茶管基于声驻波现象来测量声速的方法。这种实验方法所用的实验仪器随手可得,无需学生再到学校的实验室进行实验,激发了学生的学习兴趣,增强了学生的动手能力。     

Waves in plasma formed by above-threshold ionization of gas atoms

In the regime of above-threshold ionization of gas atom in the field of laser radiation, plasma with photoelectron distribution consisting of peaks at discrete energy values is formed. It is shown that the number of longitudinal waves in such plasma coincides with the number of peaks in the distribution function. When peaks practically don't overlap, the dispersion law of each wave in the region of short waves is determined by electrons from the corresponding peak. In this case the phase and group velocities of the waves are close to the electron velocity, which corresponds to the peak maximum. It is possible to talk about such waves as an electronic sound, since the perturbations of the electron density mainly arise due to pressure perturbations. When the peaks are narrow, but having a finite width, the Cherenkov damping of waves is exponentially small. Numerical calculations the dispersion laws for of the two and four waves in photoionized xenon plasma, in which the electron distribution function consists of two or four narrow peaks are given.     

Intensity analysis methods for transient signals

Conventionally, the Fourier transform is applied for sound intensity analysis of stationary signals, but this method can be applied for analyzing non-stationary transient signals. Instead of the Fourier transform analysis, instantaneous spectrum analysis methods such as the Wigner-Ville distribution and the wavelet transform are proposed. By using the mathematical example as a transient signal, advantages and disadvantages of these methods including the short-time Fourier transform are compared. From calculation results, it is considered that the STFT method is the most suitable for the accurate measurement of sound intensity levels, but the WT method is also recommended from its higher resolution of transient signals.